Glucagon A hormone produced by the pancreas that raises blood sugar levels by signaling the liver to release stored glucose, especially during fasting or low blood sugar conditions.
GLP-1 (Glucagon-Like Peptide-1) A hormone released from the intestines after eating helps lower blood sugar by increasing insulin release, while slowing stomach emptying, and also reducing appetite.
GIP (Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide) A gut hormone that stimulates insulin secretion in response to food intake, especially carbohydrates, helping regulate blood glucose levels.
Leptin A hormone produced by fat cells that signals the brain (especially the hypothalamus) to reduce hunger and regulate long-term energy balance.
PYY (Peptide YY) A hormone released from the digestive tract after meals that helps reduce appetite and slow down digestion, promoting a feeling of fullness.
Amylin A hormone co-secreted with insulin by the pancreas that helps control blood sugar by slowing gastric emptying and suppressing glucagon release after meals.
Sources
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (n.d.). Incretin hormones (GLP-1, GIP) and blood glucose regulation. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
